Book
Super Thinking: The Big Book of Mental Models
Notes: A good introduction to various mental models by the founder of DuckDuckGo.
Book
Algorithms to Live By: The Computer Science of Human Decisions
Notes: Algorithms are not only for computers. This book will teach you some concepts from computer science that you can apply in your life.
Book
The Great Mental Models, Volume 1: General Thinking Concepts
Notes: A good resource of mental models.
Book
The Great Mental Models, Volume 2: Physics, Chemistry and Biology
Notes: A good resource of mental models inspired by science and the natural world.